Here, we summarize the roles and pathomechanisms of gram-negative bacteria and LPS in AD. Despite multiple evidence showing that the gram-negative bacteria and their LPS play a crucial role in AD pathogenesis, the pathogenic mechanisms of gram-negative bacteria and their LPS have not been clarified. Moreover, therapeutic approaches targeting gram-negative bacteria or gram-negative bacterial molecules have significantly alleviated AD-related pathology and cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, gram-negative bacteria and their LPS have been shown to affect a variety of AD-related pathologies, such as Aβ homeostasis, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Surprisingly, an altered distribution of gram-negative bacteria and their LPS has been reported in AD patients. The gram-negative bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are attractive new targets for AD treatment. Failures in the development of therapeutics targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau, principal proteins inducing pathology in AD, suggest a paradigm shift towards the development of new therapeutic targets.
disease (AD) is the most serious age-related neurodegenerative disease and causes destructive and irreversible cognitive decline. 8 Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea. 7 Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea. 6 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea. 5 Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6th Floor of Real Company Building, 66, Achasan-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 4 Harvard Neurology Clinic, 294 Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin, 16943, Republic of Korea.1 Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea. 3 Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6th Floor of Real Company Building, 66, Achasan-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.2 Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.1 Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.Lipopolysaccharide, Lipoproteins and PeptidoglycansĪbsent or lower content of lipids than Gram Negative bacteriaĬontains higher content of lipids than Gram positive bacteria (due to presence of outer membrane)Įndotoxins and Exotoxins (Primarily Endotoxins)Īfter digestion of peptidoglycan layer, Gram +ve bacteria become Protoplast.Īfter digestion of peptidoglycan layer, Gram -ve bacteria become Spheroplast. Peptidoglycan, Teichoic acid Lipotechoic acid
Retain crystal violet dye and stain blue or purple. Along with their staining characteristics, Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria differ from each other in various aspects which are listed below : Differences Between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria S.N.
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